Рекомендації щодо використання вітаміну D
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Анотація
Дослідження, які були проведені протягом останніх двох десятиліть, розширили уявлення про роль вітаміну D у регулюванні абсорбції кальцію та фосфату і метаболізму кісток та низки плейотропних ефектів в органах і тканинах тіла. Більшість спостережних та екологічних досліджень повідомляють про зв’язок між підвищеною концентрацією 25-гідроксивітаміну D [25(OH)D] у сироватці крові з поліпшенням результатів деяких хронічних, інфекційних та неінфекційних захворювань. Отже, численні установи та наукові організації розробили керівництва щодо використання вітаміну D та рекомендації щодо оптимальних сироваткових концентрацій 25(OH)D. Згідно з рекомендаціями керівництва, орієнтованого на здоров’я кісток, цільова концентрація 25(OH)D має становити 20 нг/мл (50 нмоль/л), а дози вітаміну D – 400–800 МО залежно від віку. Рекомендації, орієнтовані на плейотропні ефекти вітаміну D, радять досягати концентрації 25(OH)D 30 нг/мл (75 нмоль/л), а дози вітаміну D мають варіюватися у діапазоні від 400 до 2000 МО на добу залежно від віку, маси тіла, стану захворювання та етнічного походження. Розумний і збалансований вибір рекомендацій зумовлений такими факторами, як стан здоров’я, вік, маса тіла, регіон проживання, харчові та культурні звички, що робить регіональні або державні рекомендації більш придатними для застосування у клінічній практиці.
У той самий час як отримання вітаміну D з природних джерел, тобто раціону харчування та регіону проживання, може сприяти підвищенню концентрації 25(ОН)D у певних підгрупах, для загальної популяції ці джерела вважають неефективними для підтримання цілорічної концентрації 25(ОН)D у діапазоні 30‑50 нг/мл (75–125 нмоль/л). Побічні ефекти вітаміну D, пов’язані з його самостійним вживанням, такі, як гіперкальціємія та гіперкальціурія, виникають рідко, і, як правило, є результатом застосування надзвичайно високих доз вітаміну D протягом тривалого часу.##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Ця робота ліцензується відповідно до Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Автори зберігають авторське право, а також надають журналу право першого опублікування оригінальних наукових статей на умовах ліцензії Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, що дозволяє іншим розповсюджувати роботу з визнанням авторства твору та першої публікації в цьому журналі.
Посилання
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=vitamin+D on 16.10.2016.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=vitamin+D+and+pleiotropic on 16.10.2016.
P. Autier, M. Boniol, C. Pizot, P. Mullie, Vitamin D status and ill health: a systematic review, Lancet Diab. Endocrinol. 2 (1) (2014) 76–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70165-7
M.J. Bolland, A. Grey, G.D. Gamble, Reid IR The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: a trial sequential meta-analysis, Lancet Diab. Endocrinol. 2 (4) (2014) 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70212-2
C.F. Garland, J.J. Kim, S.B. Mohr, E.D. Gorham, W.B. Grant, E.L. Giovannucci, et al., Meta-analysis of all-cause mortality according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, Am. J. Public Health 104 (8) (2014) E43–E50. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302034
A. Hossein-nezhad, M.F. Holick, Vitamin D for health: a global perspective, Mayo Clin. Proc. 88 (7) (2013) 720–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.05.011
P. Pludowski, M.F. Holick, S. Pilz, C.L. Wagner, B.W. Hollis, W.B. Grant, et al., Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality – A review of recent evidence, Autoimmun. Rev. 12 (10) (2013) 976–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2013.02.004
Y. Song, L. Wang, A.G. Pittas, L.C. Del Gobbo, C. Zhang, J.E. Manson, et al., Blood 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and incident type 2 diabetes, Diab. Care 36 (5) (2013) 1422–1428. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0962
J.C. Souberbielle, J.J. Body, J.M. Lappe, M. Plebani, Y. Shoenfeld, T.J. Wang, et al., Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: recommendations for clinical practice, Autoimmun. Rev. 9 (11) (2010) 709–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2010.06.009
L. Wang, Y. Song, J.E. Manson, S. Pilz, W. Maerz, K. Michaelsson, et al., Circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular disease a meta-analysis of prospective studies, Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes 5 (6) (2012) 819–829. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.967604
J.F. Aloia, R. Dhaliwal, A. Shieh, M. Mikhail, S. Islam, J.K. Yeh, Calcium and Vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98 (11) (2013) E1702–E1709, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-2121
https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/vitamin-d-market-22034298.html on 16.10.2016.
R.L. Schleicher, M.R. Sternberg, D.A. Lacher, C.T. Sempos, A.C. Looker, R.A. Durazo-Arvizu, et al., The vitamin D status of the US population from 1988 to 2010 using standardized serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D shows recent modest increases, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 104 (2) (2016) 454–461. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.127985
https://www.vitamindcouncil.org/health-conditions/ on 16.10.2016.
R.P. Heaney, Guidelines for optimizing design and analysis of clinical studies of nutrient effects, Nutr. Rev. 72 (1) (2014) 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/nure.12090
M.F. Holick, N.C. Binkley, H.A. Bischoff-Ferrari, C.M. Gordon, D.A. Hanley, R.P. Heaney, et al., Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96 (7) (2011) 1911–1930https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0385
C.J. Rosen, S.A. Abrams, J.F. Aloia, P.M. Brannon, S.K. Clinton, R.A. Durazo-Arvizu, et al., IOM committee members respond to Endocrine Society vitamin D guideline, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97 (4) (2012) 1146–1152. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-2218
W.F. Sullivan, J. Heng, D. Cameron, Y. Lunsky, T. Cheetham, B. Hennen, et al., Consensus guidelines for primary health care of adults with developmental disabilities, Can. Fam. Physician 52 (11) (2006) 1410–1418.
A.C. Ross, J.E. Manson, S.A. Abrams, J.F. Aloia, P.M. Bran D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96 (1) (2011) 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2704
T. Chen, Z. Lu, M.F. Holick, Photobiology of Vitamin D, in: M.F. Holick (Ed.), Vitamin D. Physiology, Molecular Biology and Clinical Applicat non, S.K. Clinton, et al., The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin ion, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-303-9_2
R.L. Horst, T.A. Reinhardt, Vitamin D metabolism, in: D. Feldman, J.W. Pike, F.H. Glorieux (Eds.), Vitamin D, 2nd ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012252687-9/50005-X
A. Teichmann, P. Dutta, A. Staffas, M. Jagerstad, Sterol and vitamin D-2 concentrations in cultivated and wild grown mushrooms: effects of UV irradiation, LWT Food Sci. Technol. 40 (2007) 815–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.04.003
G. Jones, Metabolism and biomarkers of Vitamin D, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 72 (2012) 7–13. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2012.681892
G. Jones, D.E. Prosser, M. Kaufmann, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1): Its important role in the degradation of vitamin D, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 523 (1) (2012) 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2011.11.003
G. Jones, D.E. Prosser, M. Kaufmann, Thematic review series: fatsoluble vitamins: vitamin D cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of vitamin D, J. Lipid Res. 55 (1) (2014) 13–31. https://dx.doi.org/10.1194%2Fjlr.R031534
A.W. Norman, From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88 (2) (2008) 491S–499S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.2.491S
C.M. Weaver, R.P. Heaney, Calcium, Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, MD, Philadelphia, PA, USA Baltimore, 2006, pp. 194–210.
M.F. Holick, Vitamin D deficiency, New Engl. J. Med. 357 (3) (2007) 266–281. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553
A. Hossein-nezhad, A. Spira, M.F. Holick, Influence of vitamin D status and vitamin D-3 supplementation on genome wide expression of white blood cells: a randomized double-blind clinical trial, PLoS One 8 (3) (2013). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058725
K. van der Meijden, A.D. Bakker, H.W. van Essen, A.C. Heijboer, E.A.J.M. Schulten, P. Lips, et al., Mechanical loading and the synthesis of 1,25(OH)(2)D in primary human osteoblasts, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 156 (2016) 32– 39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.014
K.D. Cashman, A. Hayes, K. Galvin, J. Merkel, G. Jones, M. Kaufmann, et al., Significance of serum 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the assessment of Vitamin D status: a double-edged sword? Clin. Chem. 61 (4) (2015) 636–645. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2014.234955
M.F. Holick, Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets, J. Clin. Invest. 116 (8) (2006) 2062–2072. https://dx.doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI29449
M.F. Holick, Evolution and Function of Vitamin D, (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55580-0_1
M.F. Holick, Vitamin D: a millenium perspective, J. Cell Biochem. 88 (2) (2003) 296–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.10338
G. Jones, Extrarenal vitamin D activation and interactions between vitamin D-2, vitamin D-3, and Vitamin D analogs, Annu. Rev. Nutr. 33 (2013) 23–44.
D. Zehnder, R. Bland, M.C. Williams, R.W. McNinch, A.J. Howie, P.M. Stewart, M. Hewison, Extrarenal expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1 alpha-hydroxylase, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (2) (2001 Feb) 888–894. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161203
K. Stoffels, L. Overbergh, R. Bouillon, C. Mathieu, Immune regulation of 1alpha-hydroxylase in murine peritoneal macrophages: unravelling the IFNgamma pathway, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 103 (3–5) (2007 Mar) 567– 571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.091
K. Stoffels, L. Overbergh, A. Giulietti, L. Verlinden, R. Bouillon, C. Mathieu, Immune regulation of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D3-1alpha-hydroxylase in human monocytes, J. Bone Miner. Res. 21 (1) (2006) 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1359/JBMR.050908
L. Esteban, M. Vidal, A. Dusso, 1alpha-Hydroxylase transactivation by gamma-interferon in murine macrophages requires enhanced C/EBPbeta expression and activation, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 89–90 (1–5) (2004) 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.092
S. Pillai, D.D. Bikle, P.M. Elias, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D production and receptor binding in human keratinocytes varies with differentiation, J. Biol. Chem. 263 (11) (1988) 5390–5395.
J.S. Adams, B. Rafison, S. Witzel, R.E. Reyes, A. Shieh, R. Chun, K. Zavala, M. Hewison, P.T. Liu, Regulation of the extrarenal CYP27B1-hydroxylase, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 144 (Pt A) (2014) 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.009
G. Makin, D. Lohnes, V. Byford, R. Ray, G. Jones, Target cell metabolism of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to calcitroic acid. Evidence for a pathway in kidney and bone involving 24-oxidation, Biochem. J 262 (1) (1989) 173–180 https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2620173
D. Lohnes, G. Jones, Further metabolism of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in target cells, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) (1992) Spec No. 75–78
J.S. Adams, M. Hewison, Extrarenal expression of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylase, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 523 (1) (2012) 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2012.02.016
S.J. Wimalawansa, Non-musculoskeletal benefits of vitamin D, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 175 (2018) 60–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.016
S.J. Wimalawansa, Associations of vitamin D with insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. (2016), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.017
A. Antico, M. Tampoia, R. Tozzoli, N. Bizzaro, Can supplementation with vitamin D reduce the risk or modify the course of autoimmune diseases? A systematic review of the literature, Autoimmun. Rev. 12 (2) (2012) 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2012.07.007
H. Harant, P.J. Andrew, G.S. Reddy, E. Foglar, I.J.D. Lindley, 1 alpha, 25- dihydroxyvitamin D-3 and a variety of its natural metabolites transcriptionally repress nuclear-factor-kappa B-mediated interleukin-8 gene expression, Eur. J. Biochem. 250 (1) (1997) 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00063.x
J.R. Sabetta, P. DePetrillo, R.J. Cipriani, J. Smardin, L.A. Burns, M.L. Landry, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults, PLoS One 5 (6) (2010). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011088
P. Bergman, A.C. Norlin, S. Hansen, R.S. Rekha, B. Agerberth, L. Bjorkhem-Bergman, L. Ekström, J.D. Lindh, J. Andersson, Vitamin D3 supplementation in patients with frequent respiratory tract infections: a randomised and doubleblind intervention study, BMJ Open 2 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001663
A.C. Norlin, S. Hansen, E. Wahren-Borgström, C. Granert, L. Björkhem-Bergman, P. Bergman, Vitamin D3 supplementation and antibiotic consumption – results from a prospective, observational study at an immune-deficiency unit in Sweden, PLoS One 11 (9) (2016) e0163451. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163451
R. Bouillon, G. Carmeliet, L. Verlinden, E. van Etten, A. Verstuyf, H.F. Luderer, et al., Vitamin D and human health: lessons from Vitamin D receptor null mice, Endocr. Rev. 29 (6) (2008) 726–776. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2008-0004
R. Scragg, Seasonality of cardiovascular-disease mortality and the possible protective effect of UV radiation, Int. J. Epidemiol. 10 (4) (1981) 337–341. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/10.4.337
M. Juonala, A. Voipio, K. Pahkala, J.S.A. Viikari, V. Mikkila, M. Kahonen, et al., Childhood 25-OH Vitamin D levels and carotid intima-media thickness in adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in young finns study, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100 (4) (2015) 1469–1476. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3944
S.L. McDonnell, C. Baggerly, C.B. French, L.L. Baggerly, C.F. Garland, E.D. Gorham, et al., Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations > =40 ng/ml are associated with >65% lower cancer risk: pooled analysis of randomized trial and prospective cohort study, PLoS One 11 (4) (2016). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152441
J.M. Lappe, D. Travers-Gustafson, K.M. Davies, R.R. Recker, R.P. Heaney, Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85 (6) (2007) 1586–1591. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1586
W.B. Grant, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and colorectal versus nested case-control studies, Anticancer Res. 35 (2) (2015) 1153–1160.
W.B. Grant, Roles of solar UVB and Vitamin D in reducing cancer risk and increasing survival, Anticancer Res. 36 (3) (2016) 1357–1370.
D.J. Llewellyn, I.A. Lang, K.M. Langa, G. Muniz-Terrera, C.L. Phillips, A. Cherubini, et al., Vitamin D and risk of cognitive decline in elderly persons, Arch. Intern. Med. 170 (13) (2010) 1135–1141. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.173
Y. Slinin, M.L. Paudel, B.C. Taylor, H.A. Fink, A. Ishani, M.T. Canales, et al., 25- Hydroxyvitamin D levels and cognitive performance and decline in elderly men, Neurology 74 (1) (2010) 33–41. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c7197b
C. Annweiler, Y. Rolland, A.M. Schott, H. Blain, B. Vellas, O. Beauchet, Serum vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of incident non-Alzheimer dementias: a 7-Year longitudinal study, Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 32 (4) (2011) 273– 278. https://doi.org/10.1159/000334944
C. Annweiler, Y. Rolland, A.M. Schott, H. Blain, B. Vellas, F.R. Herrmann, et al., Higher vitamin D dietary intake is associated with lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease: a 7-Year follow-up, J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 67 (11) (2012) 1205–1211. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/gls107
B. Rhead, M. Bäärnhielm, M. Gianfrancesco, A. Mok, X. Shao, H. Quach, L. Shen, C. Schaefer, J. Link, A. Gyllenberg, A.K. Hedström, T. Olsson, J. Hillert, I. Kockum, M.M. Glymour, L. Alfredsson, L.F. Barcellos, Mendelian randomization shows a causal effect of low vitamin D on multiple sclerosis risk, Neurol. Genet. 2 (September (5)) (2016) e97, https://doi.org/10.1212/NXG.0000000000000097
S. Pilz, H. Dobnig, A. Tomaschitz, K. Kienreich, A. Meinitzer, C. Friedl, D. Wagner, C. Piswanger-Sölkner, W. März, Fahrleitner-Pammer A. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased mortality in female nursing home residents, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97 (2012) E653–E657. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-3043
K. Michaëlsson, J.A. Baron, G. Snellman, R. Gedeborg, L. Byberg, J. Sundström, L. Berglund, J. Arnlöv, P. Hellman, R. Blomhoff, A. Wolk, H. Garmo, L. Holmberg, H. Melhus, Plasma vitamin D and mortality in older men: a community based prospective cohort study, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92 (2010) 841– 848. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2010.29749
G.N. Thomas, B. ó. Hartaigh, J.A. Bosch, S. Pilz, A. Loerbroks, M.E. Kleber, J.E. Fischer, T.B. Grammer, B.O. Böhm, W. März, Vitamin D levels predict all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in subjects with the metabolic syndrome: the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) Study, Diab. Care 35 (2012) 1158–1164https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1714
S. Pilz, M. Grübler, M. Gaksch, V. Schwetz, C. Trummer, B.Ó. Hartaigh, N. Verheyen, A. Tomaschitz, W. März, Vitamin D and mortality, Anticancer Res. 36 (3) (2016) 1379–1387.
R. Chowdhury, S. Kunutsor, A. Vitezova, C. Oliver-Williams, S. Chowdhury, J.C. Kiefte-de-Jong, H. Khan, C.P. Baena, D. Prabhakaran, M.B. Hoshen, B.S. Feldman, A. Pan, L. Johnson, F. Crowe, F.B. Hu, Franco OH: Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies, BMJ 348 (2014) g1903. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1903
H.A. Morris, P.H. Anderson, Autocrine and paracrine actions of vitamin D: the clinical biochemist, Rev. Aust. Assoc. Clin. Biochem. 31 (4) (2010) 129–138.
S. Spedding, S. Vanlint, H. Morris, R. Scragg, Does Vitamin D sufficiency equate to a single serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level or are different levels required for non-skeletal diseases? Nutrients 5 (12) (2013) 5127–5139. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5125127
P.H. Anderson, S. Iida, J.H.T. Tyson, A.G. Turner, H.A. Morris, Bone CYP27B1 gene expression is increased with high dietary calcium and in mineralising osteoblasts, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 121 (1–2) (2010) 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.021
P.C. Jeans, Vitamin D, JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc. 143 (2) (1950) 177–181. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1950.82910370004009
W.B. Grant, S.J. Wimalawansa, M.F. Holick, Vitamin D supplements and reasonable solar UVB should be recommended to prevent escalating incidence of chronic diseases, Br. Med. J. 350h321 (2015) h321. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h321
S.J. Wimalawansa, Vitamin D adequacy and improvements of comorbidities in persons with intellectual developmental disabilities, J. Child. Dev. Disord. 2 (3) (2016) 22–33. https://doi.org/10.4172/2472-1786.100030
M. Priemel, C. von Domarus, T.O. Klatte, S. Kessler, J. Schlie, S. Meier, et al., Bone mineralization defects and Vitamin D deficiency: histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies and circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in 675 patients, J. Bone Miner. Res. 25 (2) (2010) 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.090728
P. Pludowski, E. Karczmarewicz, M. Bayer, G. Carter, D. Chlebna-Sokol, J. Czech-Kowalska, et al., Practical guidelines for the supplementation of vitamin D and the treatment of deficits in Central Europe – recommended vitamin D intakes in the general population and groups at risk of vitamin D deficiency, Endokrynol. Pol. 64 (4) (2013) 319–327. https://doi.org/10.5603/EP.2013.0012
W.B. Grant, S.J. Wimalawansa, M.F. Holick, J.J. Cannell, P. Pludowski, J.M. Lappe, et al., Emphasizing the health benefits of vitamin D for those with neurodevelopmental disorders and intellectual disabilities, Nutrients 7 (3) (2015) 1538–1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7031538
A. Haq, S.J. Wimalawansa, P. Pludowski, F. Al Anouti, Clinical practice guidelines for vitamin D in the United Arab Emirates, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 175 (2018) 4–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.021
J.M. Lappe, R.P. Heaney, Why randomized controlled trials of calcium and vitamin D sometimes fail, Dermatoendocrinol 4 (2) (2012) 95–100. https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.19833
German Nutrition Society (DGE), New reference values for vitamin D, Ann. Nutr. Metab. 60 (2012) 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1159/000337547
F.R. Perez-Lopez, M. Brincat, C.T. Erel, F. Tremollieres, M. Gambacciani, I. Lambrinoudaki, et al., EMAS position statement: vitamin D and postmenopausal health, Maturitas 71 (1) (2012) 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.11.002
C. Braegger, C. Campoy, V. Colomb, T. Decsi, M. Domellof, M. Fewtrell, et al., ESPGHAN committee on nutrition. Vitamin D in the healthy european paediatric population, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 56 (6) (2013) 692–701. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0b013e31828f3c05
R. Rizzoli, S. Boonen, M.L. Brandi, O. Bruyere, C. Cooper, J.A. Kanis, et al., Vitamin D supplementation in elderly or postmenopausal women: a 2013 update of the 2008 recommendations from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO), Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 29 (4) (2013) 305–313. https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2013.766162
V. Amer Geriatrics Soc Workgrp, Recommendations abstracted from the american geriatrics society consensus statement on Vitamin D for prevention of falls and their consequences, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 62 (1) (2014) 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12631
S.S. Maeda, V.Z. Borba, M.B. Camargo, D.M. Silva, J.L. Borges, F. Bandeira, et al., Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabiology (SBEM): recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabology (SBEM) for the diagnosis and treatment of hypovitaminosis D, Arch. Endocrinol. Metab. 58 (5) (2014) 411–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-2730000003388
C.F. Munns, N. Shaw, M. Kiely, B.L. Specker, T.D. Thacher, K. Ozono, et al., Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 101 (2) (2016) 394–415. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-2175
S.M. Moe, T.B. Drüeke, G.A. Block, J.B. Cannata-Andía, G.J. Elder, M. Fukagawa, et al., Kidney disease: improving global outcomes, C. K. D. M. B. D. work group KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, prevention, and treatment of chronic kidney diseasemineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), Kidney Int. Suppl. 2009 (113) (2016) S1–130. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2009.188
W.F. Sullivan, B. Elspeth, T. Cheetham, R. Denton, Primary care of adults with developmental disabilities: Canadian consensus guidelines, Can. Fam. Physician 57 (5) (2011) 541–553.
J.P. Ekwaru, J.D. Zwicker, M.F. Holick, E. Giovannucci, P.J. Veugelers, The importance of body weight for the dose response relationship of oral Vitamin D supplementation and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in healthy volunteers, PLoS One 9 (11) (2014). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111265
S.J. Wimalawansa, Vitamin D: an essential component for skeletal health, Ann. NYAS 1240 (1) (2012) 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06374.x
S.J. Wimalawansa, Vitamin D in the new millennium, Curr. Osteoporos. Rep. 10 (1) (2012) 4–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-011-0094-8
N.S. Dabaj, P. Pramyothin, M.F. Holick, The effect of ultraviolet radiation from a novel portable fluorescent lamp on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in healthy adults with Fitzpatrick skin types II and III Photodermatology, Photoimmunol. Photomed. 28 (6) (2012) 307–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpp.12000
M. Wacker, M.F. Holick, Vitamin D – effects on skeletal and extraskeletal health and the need for supplementation, Nutrients 5 (1) (2013) 111–148. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5010111
R.L. Shea, J.D. Berg, Self-administration of vitamin D supplements in the general public may be associated with high 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, Ann. Clin. Biochem. (2016) https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563216662073
S.J. Wimalawansa, Vitamin D; what clinicians would like to know Sri Lanka journal of diabetes, Endocrinol. Metab. 1 (2) (2012) 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sjdem.v2i2.4776
W.B. Grant, Critique of the U-shaped serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level-disease response relation, Dermatoendocrinol 1 (6) (2009) 289–293. https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.1.6.11359
C.T. Sempos, R.A. Durazo-Arvizu, B. Dawson-Hughes, E.A. Yetley, A.C. Looker, R.L. Schleicher, G. Cao, V. Burt, H. Kramer, R.L. Bailey, J.T. Dwyer, X. Zhang, J. Gahche, P.M. Coates, M.F. Picciano, Is there a reverse J-shaped association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and all-cause mortality? Results from the U.S. nationally representative NHANES, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98 (2013) 3001–3009https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-1333
D. Durup, H.L. Jørgensen, J. Christensen, A. Tjønneland, A. Olsen, J. Halkjær, B. Lind, A.M. Heegaard, P. Schwarz, A reverse J-shaped association between serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular disease mortality: the CopD study, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100 (6) (2015) 2339–2346. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4551
M.F. Luxwolda, R.S. Kuipers, I.P. Kema, D.A.J. Dijck-Brouwer, F.A.J. Muskiet, Traditionally living populations in East Africa have a mean serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D concentration of 115 nmol/l, Br. J. Nutr. 108 (9) (2012) 1557–1561. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511007161
M. Gigante, L. Santangelo, S. Diella, G. Caridi, L. Argentiero, M.M. D’Alessandro, et al., Mutational spectrum of CYP24A1 gene in a cohort of italian patients with idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia, Nephron 133 (3) (2016) 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1159/000446663
K.P. Schlingmann, M. Kaufmann, S. Weber, A. Irwin, C. Goos, U. John, et al., Mutations in CYP24A1 and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia, New Engl. J. Med. 365 (5) (2011) 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1103864
W.B. Grant, S.N. Karras, H.A. Bischoff-Ferrari, C. Annweiler, B.J. Boucher, A. Juzeniene, et al., Do studies reporting ‘U’-shaped serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D-health outcome relationships reflect adverse effects? Dermatoendocrinology 8 (1) (2016) e1187349-e. https://doi.org/10.1080/19381980.2016.1187349
A. Zittermann, J. Kuhn, J. Dreier, C. Knabbe, J.F. Gummert, J. Borgermann, Vitamin D status and the risk of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in cardiac surgery, Eur. Heart J. 34 (2013) 1358–1364https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs468
Institute of Medicine, (US) Committee on Use of Dietary Reference Intakes in Nutrition Labeling, National Academies Press (US), Washington (DC), 2003. https://doi.org/10.17226/10872
M.F. Holick, Vitamin D update 2015: what we need to know about its health benefits and potential for toxicity? Standardy Medyczne Pediatria 12 (5) (2015) 759–765.
D.A. Williamson, Supravalvar aortic stenosis associated with mental and physical retardation and characteristic facies, Proc. R. Soc. Med. 57 (2) (1964) 118–119
R. Lightwood, T. Stapleton, Idiopathic hypercalcaemia in infants, Lancet 265 (AUG1) (1953) 255–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(53)90187-1
H.S. Samuel, Infantile hypercalcaemia, nutritional rickets, and infantile scurvy in Great Britain, Br. Med. J. 1 (5399) (1964) 1659–1661. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5399.1659
T. Stapleton, W.B. Macdonald, R. Lightwood, The pathogenesis of idiopathic hypercalcemia in infancy, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 5 (5) (1957) 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/5.5.533
M.F. Holick, Vitamin D is not as toxic as was once thought: a historical and an up-to-date perspective, Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (5) (2015) 561–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.03.015
K.L. Jones, Williams syndrome: an historical perspective of its evolution, natural history, and etiology, Am. J. Med. Genet. (Supplement 6) (1990) 89– 96. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320370616
B.R. Pober, Williams-Beuren syndrome, New Engl. J. Med. 362 (3) (2010) 239– 252. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0903074
T.D. Thacher, P. Pludowski, N.J. Shaw, M.Z. Mughal, C.F. Munns, W. Högler, Nutritional rickets in immigrant and refugee children, Public Health Rev. 37 (1) (2016) 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s4098
D.V. Dudenkov, B.P. Yawn, S.S. Oberhelman, P.R. Fischer, R.J. Singh, S.S. Cha, et al., Changing incidence of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D values above 50 ng/ mL: a 10-year population-based study, Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (5) (2015) 577– 586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.02.012
S.M. Pietras, B.K. Obayan, M.H. Cai, M.F. Holick, Vitamin D-2 treatment for Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency for up to 6 years, Arch. Intern. Med. 169 (19) (2009) 1806–1808. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.361
W.B. Grant, An estimate of the global reduction in mortality rates through doubling vitamin D levels, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 65 (9) (2011) 1016–1026. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2011.68
W.B. Grant, H.S. Cross, C.F. Garland, E.D. Gorham, J. Moan, M. Peterlik, et al., Estimated benefit of increased vitamin D status in reducing the economic burden of disease in western Europe, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 99 (2–3) (2009) 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2009.02.003
C.D. Poole, J. Smith, J.S. Davies, Cost-effectiveness and budget impact of Empirical vitamin D therapy on unintentional falls in older adults in the UK, BMJ Open 5 (9) (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007910
Administration USFaD. Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption; Vitamin D2. (2016).
