Obesity Prevention is the Key to a Nation’s Health
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
The overweight and obesity is increasing problem for the health care system and for the health of the general population. The number of overweight people with varying degrees of obesity is growing in most countries around the world each year, a third of the world’s population suffers from this condition.
According to scientists, lack of sleep, stress, use of certain pharmacological drugs can lead to obesity. The causes and factors of weight gain are varied, not only in personal life, such as eating habits and physical activity, but also include factors that can not be controlled, such as environmental factors, socio-economic factors, genetic factors and more.
Obesity is a major risk factor for many diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke and some cancers.
Obesity prevention should be one of the top priorities for the health care system. Preventive measures aimed to prevent the development of overweight and obesity have three levels of intervention: primary, secondary and tertiary. The purpose of the primary prevention is to minimize weight gain and prevent the development of overweight or obesity. Secondary prevention aimes to reduce the impact of the existing disease. Tertiary prevention concentraits on reduction of the complications that have developed as a result of the disease.
To prevent overweight and obesity, doctors advise to limit the caloric content of diet by reducing the consumption of fats and sugars; increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as whole grains and nuts; perform regular exercise.
Regular weighing by health professionals can help identify patterns and factors that contribute to weight gain. The success of obesity therapy depends on the patient’s trust to his doctor and the knowledge of the clinician in this area.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the first publication of original scientific articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which allows others to distribute work with acknowledgment of authorship and first publication in this journal.
References
Vallianou N, Stratigou T, Christodoulatos GS, Dalamaga M. Understanding the role of the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites in obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders: Current evidence and perspectives. Curr Obes Rep. 2019;8(3):317–32. doi:10.1007/s13679-019-00352-2.
Williamson DF, Thompson TJ, Anda RF, Dietz WH, Felitti V. Body weight and obesity in adults and self-reported abuse in childhood. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26(8):1075–82. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802038.
Gill TP. Key issues in the prevention of obesity. Br Med Bull. 1997;53(2):359–88. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011618.
Redondo M, Hernández-Aguado I, Lumbreras B. The impact of the tax on sweetened beverages: A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108(3):548–63. doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy135.
Sarink D, Peeters A, Freak-Poli R, Beauchamp A, Woods J, Ball K, et al. The impact of menu energy labeling across socioeconomic groups: A systematic review. Appetite. 2016;99:59–75. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.022.
Orpana HM, Tremblay MS, Finès P. Trends in weight change among Canadian adults. Health Rep. 2007;18(2):9–16.
Sayon-Orea C, Martínez-González MA, Ruiz-Canela M, Bes-Rastrollo M. Associations between yogurt consumption and weight gain and risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review. Adv Nutr. 2017;8(1):146S–154S. doi:10.3945/an.115.011536.
Ooi EM, Adams LA, Zhu K, Lewis JR, Kerr DA, Meng X, et al. Consumption of a whey protein-enriched diet may prevent hepatic steatosis associated with weight gain in elderly women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;25(4):388–95. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2014.11.005.
Abdelhamid AS, Martin N, Bridges C, Brainard JS, Wang X, Brown TJ, et al. Polyunsaturated fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;11(11):CD012345. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012345.
Boutelle KN, Baker RC, Kirschenbaum DS, Mitchell ME. How can obese weight controllers minimize weight gain during the high risk holiday season? By self-monitoring very consistently. Health Psychol. 1999;18(4):364–8. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.18.4.364.
Mason F, Farley A, Pallan M, Sitch A, Easter C, Daley AJ. Effectiveness of a brief behavioural intervention to prevent weight gain over the Christmas holiday period: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2018;363:k4867. doi:10.1136/bmj.k4867.
LaCaille LJ, Schultz JF, Goei R, LaCaille RA, Dauner KN, de Souza R, et al. Go!: Results from a quasi-experimental obesity prevention trial with hospital employees. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:171. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2828-0.
Linde JA, Nygaard KE, MacLehose RF, Mitchell NR, Harnack LJ, Cousins JM, et al. HealthWorks: Results of a multicomponent group-randomized worksite environmental intervention trial for weight gain prevention. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012;9:14. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-14.
Jaime PC, Bandoni DH, Sarno F. Impact of an education intervention using email for the prevention of weight gain among adult workers. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(7):1620–7. doi:10.1017/S1368980013001936.
Salinardi TC, Batra P, Roberts SB, Urban LE, Robinson LM, Pittas AG, et al. Lifestyle intervention reduces body weight and improves cardiometabolic risk factors in worksites. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(4):667–76. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.046995.
Tanentsapf I, Heitmann BL, Adegboye ARA. Systematic review of clinical trials on dietary interventions to prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy among normal weight, overweight and obese women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2011;11:81. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-11-81.
Walker R, Bennett C, Blumfield M, Gwini S, Ma J, Wang F, et al. Attenuating pregnancy weight gain-what works and why: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Nutrients. 2018;10(7):944. doi:10.3390/nu10070944.
Yeo S, Walker JS, Caughey MC, Ferraro AM, Asafu-Adjei JK. What characteristics of nutrition and physical activity interventions are key to effectively reducing weight gain in obese or overweight pregnant women? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2017;18(4):385–399. doi:10.1111/obr.12511.
Germeroth LJ, Levine MD. Postcessation weight gain concern as a barrier to smoking cessation: Assessment considerations and future directions. Addict Behav. 2018;76:250–57. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.022.
Tian J, Venn A, Otahal P, Gall S. The association between quitting smoking and weight gain: A systemic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Obes Rev. 2015;17(10): 1014. doi:10.1111/obr.12448.
Thomson ZO, Reeves MM. Can weight gain be prevented in women receiving treatment for breast cancer? A systematic review of intervention studies. Obes Rev. 2017;18(11):1364–1373. doi:10.1111/obr.12591.
Tek C, Kucukgoncu S, Guloksuz S, Woods SW, Srihari VH, Annamalai A. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain in first-episode psychosis patients: A metaanalysis of differential effects of antipsychotic medications. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2016;10(3):193–202. doi:10.1111/eip.12251.
Wharton S, Raiber L, Serodio KJ, Lee J, Christensen RA. Medications that cause weight gain and alternatives in Canada: A narrative review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2018;11:427–438. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S171365.
Health Canada. Prenatal Nutrition Guidelines for Health Professionals: Gestational Weight Gain [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2021 Aug 18]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/migration/hc-sc/fn-an/alt_formats/pdf/nutrition/prenatal/ewba-mbsa-eng.pdf.
Goldstein R, Teede H, Thangaratinam S, Boyle J. Excess gestational weight gain in pregnancy and the role of lifestyle intervention. Semin Reprod Med. 2016;34(2):e14–e21. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1583531.
Muktabhant B, Lawrie T, Lumbiganon P, Laopaiboon M. Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(6):CD007145. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007145.pub3.
Rogozińska E, Marlin N, Jackson L, Rayanagoudar G, Ruifrok AE, Doddset J, et al. Effects of antenatal diet and physical activity on maternal and fetal outcomes: Individual patient data metaanalysis and health economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2017;21(41):1–158. doi:10.3310/hta21410.
Tian J, Gall SL, Smith KJ, Dwyer T, Venn AJ. Worsening dietary and physical activity behaviors do not readily explain why smokers gain weight after cessation: A cohort study in young adults. Nicotine Tob Res. 2017;19(3):357–366. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw196.
Bush T, Lovejoy JC, Deprey M, Carpenter KM. The effect of tobacco cessation on weight gain, obesity, and diabetes risk. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(9):1834–41. doi:10.1002/oby.21582.
Spring B, Howe D, Berendsen M, Mc-Fadden HG, Hitchcock K, Rademaker AW, et al. Behavioral intervention to promote smoking cessation and prevent weight gain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2009;104(9):1472–86. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02610.x.
Cheskin LJ, Hess JM, Henningfield J, Gorelick DA. Calorie restriction increases cigarette use in adult smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005;179(2):430–6. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2037-x.
Hall SM, Tunstall CD, Vila KL, Duffy J. Weight gain prevention and smoking cessation: Cautionary findings. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(6):799–803. doi:10.2105/AJPH.82.6.799.
Mitsuzuka K, Arai Y. Metabolic changes in patients with prostate cancer during androgen deprivation therapy. Int J Urol. 2018;25(1):45–53. doi:10.1111/iju.13473.
Vergidis J, Gresham G, Lim HJ, Renouf DJ, Kennecke HF, Ruan JY, et al. Impact of weight changes after the diagnosis of stage III colon cancer on survival outcomes. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2016;15(1):16–23. doi:10.1016/j.clcc.2015.07.002.
Cleveland RJ, Eng SM, Abrahamson PE, Britton JA, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, et al. Weight gain prior to diagnosis and survival from breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(9):1803–11. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0889.
Playdon MC, Bracken MB, Sanft TB, Ligibel JA, Harrigan M, Irwin ML. Weight gain after breast cancer diagnosis and all-cause mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nat Cancer Inst. 2015;107(12):djv275. doi:10.1093/jnci/djv275.
Cespedes Feliciano EM, Kroenke CH, Bradshaw PT, Chen WY, Prado CM, Weltzien EK, et al. Postdiagnosis weight change and survival following a diagnosis of early-stage breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017;26(1):44–50. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0150.
Mardas M, Stelmach-Mardas M, Madry R. Body weight changes in patients undergoing chemotherapy for ovarian cancer influence progression-free and overall survival. Support Care Cancer. 2017;25(3):795–800. doi:10.1007/s00520-016-3462-1.
Meyerhardt JA, Kroenke CH, Prado CM, Kwan ML, Castillo A, Weltzien E, et al. Association of weight change after colorectal cancer diagnosis and outcomes in the Kaiser permanente northern California population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017;26(1):30–37. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0145.
Tek C, Kucukgoncu S, Guloksuz S, Woods SW, Srihari VH, Annamalai A. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain in first-episode psychosis patients: A metaanalysis of differential effects of antipsychotic medications. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2016;10(3):193–202. doi:10.1111/eip.12251.
Mitchell LJ, Ball LE, Ross LJ, Barnes KA, Williams LT. Effectiveness of dietetic consultations in primary health care: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017;117(12):1941–1962. doi:10.1016/j.jand.2017.06.364.
Leucht S, Cipriani A, Spineli L, Mavridis D, Orey D, Richter F, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 15 antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: A multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9896):951–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60733-3.
Rummel-Kluge C, Komossa K, Schwarz S, Hunger H, Schmid F, Lobos CA, et al. Head-to-head comparisons of metabolic side effects of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2010;123(2-3):225–33. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.07.012.
Dayabandara M, Hanwella R, Ratnatunga S, Seneviratne S, Suraweera C, de Silva VA. Antipsychotic-associated weight gain: Management strategies and impact on treatment adherence. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2017;13:2231–41. doi:10.2147/NDT.S113099.
Medici V, McClave SA, Miller KR. Common medications which lead to unintended alterations in weight gain or organ lipotoxicity. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2016;18(1):2. doi:10.1007/s11894-015-0479-4.
Simkin-Silverman LR, Wing RR, Boraz MA, Kuller LH. Lifestyle intervention can prevent weight gain during menopause: Results from a 5-year randomized clinical trial. Ann Behav Med. 2003;26(3):212–20. doi:10.1207/S15324796ABM2603_06.
Kramer C, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(11):758–69. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-11-201312030-00008.
Liu RH, Wharton S, Sharma AM, Ardern CI, Kuk JL. Influence of a clinical lifestyle-based weight loss program on the metabolic risk profile of metabolically normal and abnormal obese adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(8):1533–9. doi:10.1002/oby.20219.
Phillips CM. Metabolically healthy obesity across the life course: Epidemiology, determinants, and implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2017;1391(1):85–100. doi:10.1111/nyas.13230.
Harris CV, Bradlyn AS, Coffman J, Gunel E, Cottrell L. BMI-based body size guides for women and men: Development and validation of a novel pictorial method to assess weight-related concepts. Int J Obes. 2008;32(2):336–42. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803704.
